Verification of a Numerical Model of the Offshore Wind Turbine From the Alpha Ventus Wind Farm Within OC5 Phase III

The main objective of the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation, with Correlation (OC5) project, is validation of aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation tools for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) through comparison of simulated results to the response data of physical systems. Phase III of the OC5 project analyzes the Senvion 5M wind turbine supported by the OWEC Quattropod from the alpha ventus offshore wind farm. This paper shows results of the verification of the OWT models (code-to-code comparison). A subsequent publication will focus on their validation (comparison of simulated results to measured physical system response data). Based on the available data, the participants of Phase III set up numerical models of the OWT in their simulation tools. It was necessary to verify and to tune these models. The verification and tuning were performed against an OWT model available at the University of Stuttgart - Stuttgart Wind Energy (SWE) and documentation provided by Senvion and OWEC Tower. A very good match was achieved between the results from the reference SWE model and models set up by OC5 Phase III participants

Novel effect of estrogen on RANK and c-fms expression in RAW 264.7 cells

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD), a progressive disease entity, and osteoarthrosis preferentially affect females, denoting a possible role of estrogen. Using RAW 264.7 cells, the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) α and ß and the consequent effect of estrogen was investigated. We present the novel detection of ER ß expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, we innovatively demonstrated the increase in expression of both ER α and ß, as well as RANK and c-fms, with estrogen treatment. However, a decrease in expression of c-fms, RANK and ER ß, and nearly no change in the expression of ER α were experienced upon further increase in estrogen concentrations. These findings lead us to hypothesize a new mechanism of inflammation in TMD

Effects of Estrogen on PMCA 2 and 4 in Human Fibroblast-like Synovial Cells and Mouse Macrophage-like Cells

Abstract. We investigated the possible roles of estrogen on plasma membrane ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) in human fibroblast- like synovial cells (hFls) and mouse macrophage-like cells (RaW 264.7). Western blots revealed the expression of PMca 2 and 4 in both cells. In vitro treatments with 17β-estradiol for 24 hours resulted in a concentration dependent decrease in PMca expression. Moreover, ca2+-ATPase specific activity was similarly decreased with estrogen treatments. However, treatments for 1 hour in the presence or absence of cycloheximide demonstrated non-significant effects. These results suggest that estrogen has a modulatory role on ca2+ homeostasis through decreasing PMca expression and abating their activity

Effect of estrogen on bone resorption and inflammation in the temporomandibular joint cellular elements

Several epidemiological studies have reported that temporomandibular disorder is more prevalent in women, which suggests the involvement of sex hormones, such as estrogen, in the pathogenesis of this disease. PCR amplification and Western blotting were employed to target the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) in human fibroblast-like synovial and ATDC5 cells. The effect of estrogen was investigated through the expression of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), M-CSF/CSF-1 and c-fms. We showed expression of M-CSF/ CSF-1 and c-fms, with time-dependent increase in both after the addition of estrogen. Based on previous studies reporting that M-CSF/CSF-1 regulates the proliferation and differen- tiation of hemopoietic progenitor cells into mature macro- phages, we put forward a new hypothesis based on the increased inflammation and tendency of females to suffer more from temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in the presence of external exacerbating factors. Detection of RANKL and OPG in ATDC5 and expression of both in HFLS was confirmed with complete disappearance of the RANKL band, and marked increase in the expression of OPG after 1 h from the addition of estrogen